Abstract

In this study, we studied acculturation, ethnic identity, emotional well-being, and demographic characteristics of Asian American and Asian international students. The results indicated that Asian American students scored higher on acculturation and ethnic identity than Asian international students, but the two groups did not differ in emotional well-being. Asian American students’ emotional well-being was predicted by their ethnic identity, but not by acculturation. A moderate, negative relationship was found between acculturation and ethnic identity for both Asian American and Asian international students.

摘要

本文探討了美國的亞裔美籍學生與亞裔外國學生在民族認同程度、涵化水平和心理健康狀況上的差異。研究結果顯示，亞裔美籍學生在涵化水平和民族認同程度兩方面均較亞裔外國學生為高，但兩組學生的心理健康狀況沒有差別。研究又發現，亞裔美籍學生的民族認同程度能預測他們的心理健康狀況，但他們的涵化水平則沒有這種預測能力。此外，無論是亞裔美籍學生還是亞裔外國學生，他們的涵化水平和民族認同程度均呈輕微的反比。

Abstract

International students’ struggles for academic success and cultural adjustment in the U.S. are made more difficult by their experience of racism. The International Student Office (ISO) on many campuses offers an alternative third source of support to augment support from new friends in the host culture, and friends and family back home. In this study, students (N = 52) from East Asian countries who had been in the U.S. less than three years completed measures of adult attachment, perceived social support, stressful life events, experiences of racism, and psychological symptoms of distress. Attachment security was associated with more support from the new friends in the U.S. Support from the ISO appeared to significantly buffer the effects of racism perceived by international students.

摘要

在美國的國際學生常因為受到種族歧視，致令他們在追求學業成就和文化適應上變得愈來愈困難。他們除了在美國結識的新朋友及原有家人朋友處尋求支持外，現在許多大學都在校園裏設立國際學生辦事處（International Student Office），為這些學生提供另一種尋求支持的選擇。本研究以問卷調查了52位來自東亞國家的國際學生，他們在美國的日子均少於三年。問卷量度了他們在成人依附關係、社會支持、生活壓力事件、種族歧視經驗、以及心理困擾症狀等方面的情況。研究結果顯示：安全的依附關係與較多美國新朋友的支持有關；對於國際學生感受到種族歧視的衝擊，國際學生辦事處的支持具有顯著的緩衝效應。

Abstract

This article argues that indigenous Chinese counseling must provide culturally relevant therapy. Chinese clients’ expectations of directive, goal-oriented, time-limited and pragmatic counseling, their particular form of expressing emotions, and their needs of particular counseling relationships have reframed the counseling process in cultural context. For this, the Experience Transformed Model, an open dynamic model that conflates the tempo-spatial framework and cultural demands with contemporary counseling ideas, is raised. The model suggests that counseling Chinese clients needs to focus on their life and social practice so as to achieve harmony and balance between individuals, in-group, society, and the universe. Therefore, an indigenous counseling needs to readjust the counseling relationship and rearrange counseling stages.

摘要

本文主張進行本土心理輔導的治療時，必須與文化相關。在中國文化的背景脈絡下，當事人對有引導性、目標為本、快速見效及務實的心理輔導有著極大的期待。此外，中國人特有的情緒表達方式和對輔導關係的不同需求，意味著西方心理輔導理論需要在中國文化架構中重新調整。經驗轉化模式是一個開放的互動模式，融合了時間和空間的轉變，以及現代心理輔導對文化需求的概念。這個模式主張，對中國人的心理輔導需要聚焦於當事人的生活及社會實踐上，以期達成個人、團體、社會和宇宙體系的和諧。因此，就本土心理輔導而言，必須重新調整現在的西方輔導關係理論，並重新編排輔導階段，以符合特定文化及族群的需求。

摘要

懲罰常常用來壓制行為，但它卻並非常常有效，為甚麼呢？本文回顧行為心理學對懲罰的研究，總結出一些使懲罰能有效地壓制行為的方法，並指出在實際生活裏，基於人道和法律的考慮，往往不能依照這些方法來執行懲罰，使得未能單靠懲罰而收效。本文進而指出，應該把改造行為看作調節行為；在這個觀點下，不應單獨使用懲罰來壓制行為，而應該同時使用其他方法建立另一種行為，也就是要雙管齊下，才能收到效果。

Abstract

Although punishment is often used to suppress behavior, it does not always work. Why? Behavioral studies of punishment have identified some ways to make punishment effective. However, in real life, where humanistic and legal concerns are important, punishment often cannot be implemented in the most effective way. Hence, punishment, when implemented alone, often does not work. This article points out that behavioral modification should be reconsidered as behavior regulation. In this perspective, punishment should not be used singly to suppress behavior. Instead, it should be used together with other means to establish a different behavior. In other words, suppression and establishment of behavior should be carried out in parallel.

摘要

本文嘗試從現代西方多元文化和跨文化心理輔導模式的興起和有關觀念，去探討在亞洲文化中心理輔導的應用。文章指出，亞洲傳統文化與現代西方文化有很多相異之處，而基於這些傳統文化依然對亞洲的民族和人民有深遠的影響，作者提出應以亞洲文化為主的概念去發展和推動對亞洲國家及民族的心理輔導活動。面對全球化與本土化的相互關係，應把傳統亞洲文化中有關心理輔導和助人的智慧發展起來，再結合西方相關的理論，建設以亞洲文化為主體的心理輔導理論和手法。

Abstract

This article tries to point out that traditional Asian cultures have a lot of differences from modern Western cultures. As these traditional Asian cultures still have profound significance to clients in Asian countries, counselors need to recapture all these profound traditional wisdom in counseling practice. By doing so, Westernized counseling models can be indigenized and intermingled with traditional Asian wisdom in the counseling process.

Abstract

With the emergence of postmodernism, the positivistic worldview of objective reality is being challenged. The postmodern worldview, as exemplified by the metatheory of social constructionism, has great influence on our understanding of how knowledge is constructed and how intervention is carried out in different helping professions, such as counseling and social work. This article describes the basic tenets of social constructionism and examines the implications of social constructionist principles on counseling and social work practice. The contributions of social constructionism and the difficulties of applying social constructionist principles in counseling and social work settings within the Chinese cultural context are also discussed.

摘要

隨著社會建構主義的興起，以實證主義為本的輔導及社會工作逐漸受到批評。本文描述社會建構主義的基本論點，以及它對輔導及社會工作的含義。本文亦探討社會建構主義對華人輔導及社會工作的貢獻，並剖析在應用上遇到的困難。