Abstract

This paper addresses many developmental issues concerning guidance and counselling in Taiwan. In particular, it focuses on the current programs and practice of guidance and counselling services. Initially, a brief history of the development of counselling and guidance on the island is presented, followed by a discussion of the dilemma encountered in this area and its implications in training and education. The paper is culminated by description of the Six-Year Promotion Plan, including the rationale, the framework, procedures of implementation, possible problems, and anticipatory outcomes. Implications for future development are discussed.

摘要

諮商與輔導服務在台灣已有三十餘年的歷史，由於教育的發展與社會的需要，學校與社區兩大輔導系統均有長足的進步。近年來由於少年犯罪問題日趨嚴重，青少年輔導工作，益形重要，「輔導工作六年計劃」因而推出。自1991年7月起，政府將投資新台幣八十五億（約美金三億四千萬）於十八項輔導工作，期透過培育輔導人才、充實輔導設施、整合輔導活動、修訂輔導法規、擴展輔導層面及實施輔導評鑑等策略，以達到減少青少年問題行、為促進個人身心健康及社會祥和的目標。該計劃完成之後，預期台灣的輔導工作將展現新的風貌，即：人員階層化、設施現代化、資料資訊化，組織網絡化、活動計劃化、目標人性化。

Abstract

Owing to the lack of support, caregivers of the frail elderly often face a very difficult decision between family care and institutional placements for their aged family members. Underneath this caring dilemma, counselors should work with family members' mixed emotions,guilty feeling,role conflicts and most fundamentally, help them to reduce their stress in caregiving. Techniques of stress reduction are discussed at the family, caregiver and service support levels. A Telelink service is introduced to provide reassurance and support to caregiver and to enlarge their social support networks. With longevity, caregivers will face longer duration in caregiving and have to deal with possible further deteriorations in the self-care abilities of their frail family members. They should be properly assisted and appreciated while rendering this long-term home care. Family members, the community and the state should provide all necessary supports for the caring of the frail elderly.

摘要

由於缺乏支持，護老者常要面對的抉擇是：應否送老人家入院舍或繼續留在家中吃力地照顧。所以輔導員應體恤護老者在這方面所承受之壓力、矛盾心情、角色衝突及困擾之情緒。本文會討論為護老者減輕壓力的技巧，並介紹一項「電話支援」服務，以擴大他們的照顧網絡。隨著老人壽命之延長，護老者實應獲得家人、社區及政府的支持。

Abstract

The word psychology itself means the study of the soul. Yet, in the current study of academic and applied psychology, scholars and researchers tend to employ the natural sciences and laboratory methods of weighing and counting without paying much attention to the study of the soul.

It may not be easy for psychologists to cometounanimous agreementon theexact meaning and activities of a human soul. Many regard such discussion as an agenda in the discipline of either philosophy or theology. But we can't then minimize its importance in the understanding of human behavior. In this paper, the author tries to relate the understanding of a human soul to the awareness of the spiritual aspect of one's personality. She also makes an attempt to define spirituality from both a broad and a narrow perspective based on her literature review and personal experiences.

From her definition on spirituality, the author then traces its place in the development of counselling psychology as a discipline and points out how different schools of thought has in fact put emphasis on this important aspect of human behavior.

In spite of the time limitation for a more extensive research study, the author somehow suggests a direction for counsellors to look into the future importance of developing a holistic way to counselling.

摘要

心理學的字根本義是研究人的靈魂。但縱觀現今的學術界往往將心理學推至科學可研究的範疇，忽略了人心靈深處的需要。

雖然每個人在靈性的經歷是很主觀及個人化的，多被列在宗哲系的探討範圍；然而作者卻希望帶出一個信息──要全面研究人的行為就不能忽略人對靈性的渴求。

為了方便讀者能對靈性體驗有較為具體的瞭解，作者嘗試對「靈性」一詞作一「寬面」及「窄面」的註釋，繼而從輔導心理學的發展過程中，看各學派如何面對人的靈性需要。最後她希望喚起讀者對「全人輔導」的關注。

Abstract

The research investigated the similarity model of client- counsellor pairings in relation to counselling continuation. Results indicated that counselling continuation was not significantly correlated with their demographic characteristics, locus of control and counselling expectation, but their attributional styles: (a) the clients who attributed negative events to internal-stable-global causes, tended to continue the counselling; whereas those who attributed to extemal-unstable-specific causes tended to discontinue the counselling prematurely; (b) when both counsellors and clients attributed positive events to extemal- unstable-specific causes, the counselling was discontinued prematurely, (c) however, when either one or both parties of clientcounsellor pairings attributed positive events to intemal-stable-global causes, the counselling was continued. It supported partially both similarity and complementarity models in one way or another, advancing our understanding of the complexity of counselling continuation. Applications to Attributional Therapy and suggestions for future studies were also discussed.

摘要

作者研究輔導員與受輔助者相似的特質及其歸因模式會否影響輔導／治療繼續與否，結果發現輔導能否繼續而不會過早終斷與兩者的背景特質或其相似與否並無關係。但與其歸因取向關係密切。那些慣於將失敗歸咎於由「內在—穩定—整體」因素所致的受助者，並不輕易提早終斷輔導服務。祇要單方面或雙方同時將成功的事件歸因為由「內在—穩定—整體」因素所致，則輔導依然可以繼續。但若雙方對於成功的事件歸因為由「外在—不穩定—特殊」的因素所致則輔導容易提早終斷。

Abstract

The phenomenon of personal and professional bum-out has been a common theme among the school counsellors in Taiwan. In the schools above college level, personnel renewal of counselling center happens with remarkable frequency. As a consequence, the counselling programs of the schools cannot be implemented continuously, major activities are interrupted, overburden and incompetence of the substitutes lead to numerous mistakes, and the morale of the fellow workers are influenced. It goes without saying that school counsellors in Taiwan should be fully aware of the challenges they are facing. Furthermore, it is even of more importance for them to learn ways of working within an institution with dignity and self-respect.

The paper explores the concept of stress and coping, work stress and professional burnout, role and function of teacher-counsellors in Taiwan, and the Six-Year Promotion Program of Guidance Services. Conclusions with reference to the above topics will also be made.

摘要

在台灣，學校輔導教師之工作枯竭已經成為一個值得關切的問題。在大專院校中，輔導中心之人事更替頻繁。輔導人員的高離職率導致學校輔導諮商計劃無法持續執行，重要的活動被迫中斷，過度的工作負荷以及遞補職務者之不能勝任往往造成許多錯誤，同仁之工作士氣也因而受到負面的影響。台灣的學校輔導教師必須敏察他們所面臨的工作挑戰，並且學習如何做良好的調適。

本文探討壓力與適應的概念，工作壓力與專業工作枯竭，台灣學校輔導教師之角色和功能，輔導工作六年計劃，並且提出簡單的建議。

摘要

一個失敗的小組，成因很多。究其原因，最主要是組長本身出了問題。基於本身在專業資歷和個人特質上的限制，並個人在帶領小組方面的不足， 有些組長是無法有效地帶領輔導小組的。本文從不同角度省覽組長本身，也探討這課題的重要性。在簡單的基本討論後，作者嘗試結合其帶領小 組、培訓組長的經驗和學理，提出了十一項她認為成功小組組長最需要具備的特質。

Abstract

People generally agree that though there are many factors contributing to an ineffective group experience, the inability of the group leader and the poor quality of the group leader keys. Due to the limitation of their qualifications, their personal characteristic experiences, some group leaders are not capable of leading a group effectively. The present paper looks at several aspects of the importance of the group leader as a person, and explores the importance of such an issue. After brief and essential discussion of some different viewpoints, the anthor suggests eleven characteristics she believes to be most significant for being an effective group leader.

摘要

近年香港中小學生自殺的情況，除了反映學童本身的支持系統單薄，心志脆弱之外，也反映了教師和學生之間的關係疏離，未足以令學童在面臨危 機時向教師求助。

在芸芸輔導理論之中，每多強調輔導員和受導者的關係，這種具治療效應 的輔導關係，常取決於輔導員本身的態度。當事人中心治療法始創人Carl Rogers更指出這些態度是幫助受導者成長的充分和必要條件。這一點對為 人師表的同工甚具啟發性，教師也可以透過真摯誠懇、共嗚同感和尊重接納的態度與學生建立一份深厚的情誼。基於這份關係，學童感到被關懷、 被愛，相信當問題尚未嚴重時，他們能夠主動地向教師表白；又或是當學童面臨困境時，這關係可以支持他們向老師求助，鼓勵他們繼續活下去。

Abstract

In recent years, the problem of adolescent suicide has been given much attention in Hong Kong. This suicidal trend not only indicates that children lack a strong supporting system, but also shows that the relationship between teachers and students is too distant for children to seek help from their teachers in case of crisis.

Many counselling theories emphasize the relation between the counsellor and the client. This therapeutic relationship is dependent on the counsellor's attitudes which, as pointed out by Carl Rogers, the founder of Person-centered Therapy, are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the client's growth. Such belief provides much insight for teachers. Teachers may develop a deep relationship with students through showing genuineness, empathy, respect and acceptance so that students can feel being loved and cared for. Under this condition, children may have already talked with the teachers even if their problems are only arising at an initial stage. In case of crisis, it is hoped that such relation is strong enough for the students to seek help from teachers so as to live on.

Abstract

Although the mass media had reported more than ten suicidal cases of the teens since January of 199 1, suicide was not proved statistically to be a significant public health or epidemiologic problem in Hong Kong. In fact, data from the Census and Statistics Department indicated that the suicide rates between 1986 to 1991 remain relatively constant, and the rates for those who are below 19 years of age have been falling between 2 to 7 per 100,000 people. The purpose ofthis paper is to illustrate the emergence of teens suicide in the territory by pointing out the limitation of suicide statistics and the potential hazard of the high risk suicidal factors among today's children and adolescents. Suicidal risk factors, some effective crisis interventions, and suicide preventive measures will be recommended and discussed.

摘要

儘管傳媒自八七年初頻頻地報導有關學童自殺的消息，但從統計的角度來看青少年的自殺問題尚未達到如普羅大眾「視為流行」之嚴重性。本文之主要目的是要指出青少年自殺問題之嚴重性，並非衹限於官方或有關當局所提供之自殺統計數字，而是強調指出劇增之學童自殺數字背後，實隱藏了很多的主要成因，很值得我們從心理動力之概念去探求，和致力找出一些有效的預防方法。自殺危險程度高者，大部份均為自我形象偏低、內向，及不懂得善用周圍環境的資源之人士。當他們遇到不如意事情發生、或沉重的心理壓力、或認為自己是失敗者、或遭受別人抗拒時，便會不堪一擊，用自我毀滅的方法來解決他們所遇到的問題。本文亦指出大部份有自殺傾向的學童，他們的家庭背境都是非常複雜的。在缺乏家庭溫暖底下，他們都患上後天「心理健康失調症」。最後，本文亦提供四項有效的預防方法，作為大家的參考。

摘要

九十年代亞洲青年面臨人口增長對就業的挑戰；文化互化對文化選擇的挑戰；環境污染對情緒的挑戰。這三大挑戰會形成希望與困難並存；成功與 失敗並存；富裕與貧困並存；和平發展與危機並存等四重心理氛圍，使人囗眾多，人均生活水平尚不十分富裕的大部分亞洲青年時刻處在理想與現 實的矛盾衝突之中。為了亞洲地區的和平穩定發展與未來，亞洲地區的青年教育輔導應該立腳本土，面向世界發展，一要輔導青年正確知覺環境； 二要輔導青年正確反映環境；三要協助青年發展與美化環境文化與物質生活條件。這就要求亞洲地區的廣大青年教育輔導工作者們團結合作，相互 溝通，把培養現代青年與發展亞洲地區的經濟文化協調起來，利用亞洲的自然與社會優勢，努力為青年開發良好政治、經濟、文化活動場景，以促 進青年們在這塊美麗大陸上健康成長。

Abstract

In the nineties, the youth of Asia are faced with three major challenges, namely, scarcity of jobs amidst vast population growth, the question of cultural identity caused by interaction of different cultures, and frustrations brought about by environmental pollution. These challenges lead to psychological confrontations with the coexistence of hope and obstacles, of success and failure, of affluence and poverty, and of peaceful development and potential crises. As a result, the majority of the youth of Asia, who are still grappling with over-population and austerity, find themselves constantly torn between idealism and reality. For the peaceful and stable development of Asia, educational counselling for its youth should strive to establish itself in the region, while opening itself up to the world. This means counselling the youth with a view to helping them to get acquainted with their environment, to reflect the environment accurately, and to develop and ref-ine the culture of the environment and living conditions. This requires that Asian practitioners in youth educational counselling work together to share their experience and to coordinate efforts in nurturing the youth and developing Asia's economy and culture, and, making use of the natural and social strengths of Asia, to build an environment which is conducive to political, economic and cultural activities, so that our young people can grow healthily on this beautiful continent.

Abstract

Taped clinical interview sessions have long been used in teaching counselling/social workpractice. Production ofsuch materials by local academics andpractitioners in the local contexthas not been as prolific. The present paper attempts to discuss three kinds (or types) of such production and compare their relative effectiveness in their attempts to achieving the aim of teaching counselling/social work practice as informed by recent reviews on methodological issues in psychotherapy research and comparative outcome studies in psychotherapy.

摘要

在香港，輔導及社工教育，常常會運用會談錄影帶，用作教學輔助素材。有關教師在本地製作此等教材，尚在開展階段。本文就近期西方在心理治療成效的眾多研究，分析三種面談錄影帶的製作目標，並比較其相對的成效。

Abstract

If, as is widely accepted, the therapists'attitudes are the most important ingredient in therapy, can these attitudes be fostered in the education of therapists? Some evidence that this can be done has been presented in a series of publications involving the Counsellor Attitude Scale developed by the author (Nelson-Jones and Patterson, 1967; Patterson, 1967, 1975). It can be questioned, however, whether the results of responses to a questionnaire actually represent attitudes. This paper presents a sampling of the free responses of students following a course emphasizing therapeutic attitudes.

摘要

成長小組能夠釋放組員的心靈和情感，在彼此接納和支持的氣氛下，可以達致鉅大的治療功效和引發成長的經歷。

參與成長小組給我機會更明白自己的感受，釋放我內心的真情。坦誠開放 地讓組員接觸我的心靈，也使我更有能力去迎接生活的挑戰。

同時，當我的心靈愈開放，就愈能夠體驗別人的感受，心胸也變得更寬 廣，可以盛載更多別人的憂傷，也更有能力陪伴別人去生活，這個經歷增強了我投身輔導工作的信心。

Abstract

With acceptance and support from group members, growth groups free the hearts and feelings of the participants, thus facilitating significant therapeutic and growth experiences.

Joining a growth group myself gives me the chance of further understanding my feelings and liberating the emotions within my heart. Through genuine and open sharing of my experiences with members in the group, I gain more energy to face challenges of life.

At the same time, when I am more willing to disclose my own emotions, I can understand other people's feelings better; my heart is opened up and can carry more grief of others. I am strengthened to share people's life difficulties. Such an experience also helps me to build up my confidence in counselling work.

摘要

輔導訓練使我可以明白成長背後的障礙，具體地擺脫成長中的束縛，向自我實現的人生邁進，以致可以更自由自在地生活。本來已趨僵化的情緒， 變得感覺敏銳，能夠擁抱著心頭出現的喜怒哀樂。亦能從收藏、封閉轉向開放、豁達的態度。日常生活中的怯懦與退縮不再出現，反之，我逐漸能 夠建立自表及自信。從模糊的人性觀，發展到今日對人性有一個較全面、積極及肯定的看法。我深信輔導就是生命的流露。

Abstract

Counselling training has made me aware of the obstacles of my growth and ridded me of various restrictions in life towards self- actualization. It helped liberate me from the burden of past undesirable experience. The training has unharnessed me from an uptight personality and turned me into an empathatic person who can freely express his feelings without hindrance. I have travelled from a reserved and closed state of mind to an open and accommodating one. My past was dominated by a note of diffidence and hesitation; now I am an assertive and self-confident man. My view of human nature was once blurring and indefinite. It has changed to be positive and comprehensive now. I deeply believe counselling is a way of life.