Abstract

In many parts of the world, career centers are striving to meet the career development needs of university students faced with a fast-changing socio-economic and globalized world. The dialogues in this special issue help to advance our understanding of career guidance and counseling in higher education from an international perspective. This article introduces the invited papers and the reaction papers from the United States, Korea, China, and Hong Kong.

Keywords: career centers; higher education; internationalization

摘要

當代大學生正面臨社會經濟環境急速變化、全球化趨勢愈趨明顯的世界。各地高等院校的職業生涯中心皆在致力滿足大學生的職業發展需求。本專輯的文章有助我們從國際化的視角深入了解各地高校的職業輔導和諮詢情況。本文概述了專輯內來自美國、南韓、中國內地和香港等地的特邀文章和回應文章。

關鍵詞：職業生涯中心；高等教育；國際化

Abstract

Career centers in the United States developed in community-based organizations in the early 1900s and later moved into educational institutions. This article profiles these career centers with respect to their history, their current scope and function, and ways in which technology and the global economy will affect their future operations. Studies by the National Association of Colleges and Employers and other reports are summarized and the profile of one comprehensive university career center is described. It concludes with a vision statement for future career centers.

Keywords: NACE; career center; career services; university; Florida State University

摘要

在美國，職業生涯中心發軔於20世紀初，先於社區為本的組織內發展，及後轉至教育機構內。本文概述這些職業生涯中心的發展歷史、現有規模和功能，並探討科技和全球化經濟如何影響其未來運作。文章簡介美國大學與僱主協會的研究結果和其他報告，並描述一所大學綜合職業生涯中心的概況。最後，本文提出一項遠見聲明，以作未來職業生涯中心的參考。

關鍵詞：美國大學與僱主協會；職業生涯中心；職業生涯服務；大學；佛羅里達州立大學

Abstract

College campuses in the United States are becoming increasingly diverse. Over the next three decades, it is predicted that White Americans will become the minority. Increasing college enrollment rates for racial and ethnic minority students, international students, sexual minority students, religious minorities, and physically challenged individuals are changing the college campus in exciting and challenging ways. Career centers on college campuses need to also change to help ensure the success of these increasingly diverse students. The article examines six critical areas in which this change needs to occur: (a) the career counseling process; (b) career assessments; (c) career theories; (d) the hiring and training of career center staff; (e) the career center environment; and (f) specialized services for diverse students in career centers.

Keywords: career centers; diversity; changing demographics

摘要

美國的大學校園漸趨多元化。未來三十年，白人學生將會佔少數。大學取錄的學生將包括愈來愈多的少數族裔人士、國際學生、性少眾、宗教少眾，以及殘障人士。這些學生為大學校園帶來重大的改變與挑戰，而校園內的職業生涯中心亦須改變，以確保這多元的學生群體都能有所成。本文探討改變的六個重要領域：（1）職業生涯輔導過程；（2）職業生涯評估；（3）職業生涯理論；（4）職業生涯中心員工的聘用與培訓；（5）職業生涯中心的環境；及（6）職業生涯中心為不同群體學生提供的專有服務。

關鍵詞：職業生涯中心；多元化；變化的人口特徵

Abstract

Career centers in South Korean universities have evolved to meet the career needs of college students and societal changes. The rapid increase in unemployment rates in the recent 20 years has heightened the importance of university career centers, yet a systematic career service model has not been devised to reflect the diverse career needs of college students. This article investigates the current situation of service delivery of university career centers in South Korea. A total of 15 career centers responded to the questions about how often they provided specific career services and how important each service was in their service delivery. Results showed that the career centers focused more on career placement than career exploration services. Also, there were discrepancies between the most frequently offered services and the most important services. Based on the results, future tasks for career centers are discussed in terms of the balance between career exploration and placement services, staff expertise, technology use, and tailored programs for specialized career fields.

Keywords: university career centers; career services; college students

摘要

隨着社會變遷和大學生職業生涯需要的變化，南韓的大學職業生涯中心亦不斷演變。近二十年失業率飆升，使得大學職業生涯中心的重要性更加突出；但是，完整的職業生涯服務模式尚未形成，不能反映大學生不同的職業生涯需要。本文探討南韓的大學職業生涯中心提供服務的現況。有15所職業生涯中心回答了有關其提供的各類服務的頻率和重要性的問卷。結果顯示，服務多集中於職業安置而非職業生涯探索，而且提供得最多的服務並不是最重要的服務。基於這些結果，本文從以下方面探討了職業生涯中心的未來工作，比如職業生涯探索與安置服務的平衡、員工的專業性、科技的應用，以及為專門的職業領域設計有針對性的服務等。

關鍵詞：大學職業生涯中心；職業生涯服務；大學生

Abstract

The provision of career education to facilitate students’ possession of the requisite skills and knowledge relevant to the workplace plays a pivotal role in enhancing students’ employability. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, with a mandate to provide application-oriented education, has a mission and tradition of keeping abreast of the market and community needs to ensure that its students receive top-notch career education and services so that they can secure employment, which they are aspired to, upon graduation and contribute effectively thereafter. This article will look at some major milestones that signify this tradition over the years, from the recognition for professional licensing, to the offering of first batch of degree programs with substantial work-based experience; to the availability of general education short courses for broadening knowledge base; to the launching of summer internships and mandatory outcome-based work-integrated education for providing more experiential learning opportunities; to the introduction of individual developmental profiles and electronic portfolios for developing generic competencies and showcasing achievements; and finally, to the provision of a multitude of career services for facilitating the matching of talents to the job market. Despite all such endeavors, further critical enhancements still need to be made.

Keywords: career education; career services; enhancing employability

摘要

提供生涯教育，以協助學生掌握就業所必備的技巧和知識，對提升其就業競爭力有關鍵作用。香港理工大學是一所應用型大學，一直本着傳統與使命，緊貼並回應市場和社區需要，提供優質生涯教育及服務，協助學生發揮所長，貢獻社會。本文旨在回顧及分享這些年來，標誌着這傳統的一些重要里程碑，包括：從學生的專業資格取得業界認可，到首度推出提供大量實習機會的學位課程；進而推出短期通識課程，擴闊學生視野；再全面推行暑期實習並將成果為本的「校企協作教育」列為本科生課程必修項目，讓更多學生能從體驗式學習中獲益；及至提供個人發展概況報告及電子學習檔案平台，協助學生發展通才技能、展示發展成果；最後，是提供全方位生涯服務，做好人才與就業市場的配對工作。繼往開來，雖然過往點滴累積的成果巳不算少，然而未來要面對的挑戰將會更多。

關鍵詞：生涯教育；生涯服務；提升就業競爭力

Abstract

It has become more commonplace in universities in the Chinese mainland to establish career centers for providing career guidance for their students. However, most of these centers are still at an elementary stage of development. Their maturity can be obtained by considering the nature and purpose of career centers operated in other parts of the world. This article is a reflection paper in response to two articles about career centers in the United States (Garis, Reardon, & Lenz, 2012; Heppner & Jung, 2012) in this special issue. On the basis of these two articles, it explores the current situation of career centers in China, and takes a university career center in Guangzhou as an illustrative example for reviewing in detail the scope, implementation, progress, and problems of career centers in China.

Keywords: career center; university; China; career guidance

摘要

在中國內地大學，設立職業生涯中心為學生提供就業指導的情況愈趨普遍。然而，這些中心大部分都在發展初階，並未成熟，需要參考世界各地同類中心的運作，謀求改進。本文通過對本專輯中談及美國職業生涯中心的兩篇文章（Garis, Reardon, & Lenz, 2012; Heppner & Jung, 2012）的回應，探討中國相關的現況，並以廣州市一所大學職業生涯中心為例，討論其服務範圍、運作情況、發展方向及所遇問題等。

關鍵詞：職業生涯中心；大學；中國；就業指導

Abstract

Career centers in higher education are also known as career resource centers (Herr, Cramer, & Niles, 2004). Subsequent to their initial establishment in the West, they are undergoing changes and evolution in different parts of the world. In this special issue about “career centers,” contributors in the United States, South Korea and Hong Kong have provided insightful discussion about developing and delivering career services in the university campus. In response to the contributors, I have discussed themes identified from the different invited papers, which concern both the contextual and strategic aspects of designing and running a career center. Implications were drawn on how career service professionals in higher education can play a proactive role in both responding to social demands, as well as developing strategic service directions within respective institutions.

Keywords: career development; career center; higher education; student development

摘要

高等教育機構中的職業生涯中心亦稱為職業資源中心（Herr, Cramer, & Niles, 2004），最早成立於西方，其後在世界各地不斷演變和發展。本專輯主題為職業生涯中心，來自美國、南韓及香港的作者就高校開展和提供職業生涯服務作出了討論，並提出了洞見。本文回應各特邀文章，總結其共同主題，從社會背景及策略取向兩方面探討如何設計及營運一所職業生涯中心。文章並指出，各地從事生涯發展的專業人士，可以在回應社會需求及發展校內服務策略方靣，發揮積極主動的角色。

關鍵詞：職業發展；職業生涯中心；高等教育；學生發展