摘要

本文將會對教育社會學中，有關教育制度社化功能的理論爭論作一介紹及說明。討論的理論觀點包括有：結構－功能主義、韋伯衝突學派、及新馬克思學派的再生產理論與抗拒理論。並透過對這理論爭辯的整理，以勾劃出在社化與教育的研究中，在理論觀點、概念理解、及方法學取向上的發展以至進展。本文旨在把一些新近的社會學觀點介紹到香港的教育議論中。

Abstract

The theoretical debate on the socializing function of educational institution among sociologists will be accounted in this paper. The theoretical perspectives explicated will include Structural-functionalism, Weberian conflict theory, and the Neo-Marxian theory of reproduction and resistance. Inducing from the debate, the development, or even the progress, on the theoretical perspective, conceptual understanding, and methodological approach of the inquiry on socialization and education will be highlighted. It aims at introducing some current sociological insights to the discourse on education in Hong Kong.

摘要

本文首先從人們側重在前半生在學所出現的問題說起，提出現存教育制度的可能去向。再從「終生接受教育」的角度去介紹和評估幾個方案。隨着探討「常新教育」的發展和特徵。指出它的基本精神是人的一生應有多次接受教育的機會。接受教育、工作和休暇交替着進行。這個方案嘗試把傳統上沒有關係的學校系統、在職訓練和成人教育放在一起作整體的規劃。本文隨着展示各種不同的銓釋和實現這個方案的有利條件。最後提出一些有待解決的問題。

Abstract

Based on problems arising from schooling limited to frontend model, possible trends of changes of education system are discussed. Several strategies relating to learning as a lifelong process are delineated and evaluated.

An overview of recent developments of the strategy of recurrent education is presented. The basic principles of the strategy as originally outlined by the Organization for Economic Co-operabon and Development are introduced. The fundamental idea of the strategy is that educational opportunities should not be confined to the individual's early years but should be available at intervals over the whole life-cycle in alternation with work, leisure and other activities.

This strategy tries to integrate school system, in-service training and adult education and comes up with a comprehensive plan. Several approaches of the conditions for the actualization of the strategy and problems to be solved are discussed.

摘要

本文主旨在探討不同文化背境的人之間的瞭解和溝通。研究對象包括中國、香港及美國等地不同學系的大學生。研究方法是聯想組分析法。應答者對一百多個與其文化有關的詞彙所聯想到的各種反應。資料經分析整理後，從自由聯想所得答案的分佈情況可顯示出各子樣本的主觀文化及其顯著特徵，從而引申出中西文化的異同。

Abstract

The present study analyzes cultural meanings through free verbal association derived from the Associative Group Analysis technique. More than one hundred important and relevant stimulus words were used to elicit the responses. Based on the comparison of American, Hong Kong and PRC Chinese samples, cultural similarities and differences of the subjective cultural meanings were analyzed. The distribution of spontaneous responses provides an empirical basis for the interpretation of each group's salient view of the selected themes.

摘要

本研究應用了加氏模式去探討香港中學生的職業成熟狀況，樣本來自十三間中學的中四至中七學生共1,406名。本文按年級、性別、及文理組區分，將職業成熟問卷各分項的常模表列。

在職業抉擇能力方面，本港學生在「認識工作」得分最高，而「解決疑難」則為最低分。在態度方面，本港學生在「獨立性」一項中得分最高，但在「傾向性」及「果斷性」，則表現末成熟。

Abstract

This study employed Crites' model to find out the degree of careers maturity of a sample of 1,406 F. 4 to F. 7 secondary school students in Hong Kong. Results of the norms of careers maturity in terms of careers choice competence and careers choice attitude by grade, sex, and streams of study were reported. Students were found to be strong in Occupational Information, but weak in Problem Solving aspects of careers competence. Attitudinally, they were rather mature with respect to Independence, but immature with respect to Orientation and Decisiveness.

Abstract

Drawings of young children have been studies from the view points of intellectual, social and emotional development. More recent theories and findings have been applied to examine about 500 drawings by children between ages of seven and eleven from England and Hong Kong. Interesting findings of differences between Chinese and English children's efforts were observed and these differences reflected children's experience and response to their environment. Similarities however were far more apparent than differences.

Abstract

This is a report of a close observation of the guidance and counseling services in 8 public and one private schools in the City of San Francisco. It traces the history of development of the gudance and counseling facilities, discusses the roles of the counselor, lists the tasks ascribed to the school counselor by the Eight Quality Standards of Schools Counselors, reports observations of how the counselors function in the school setting and compares the work observed to be performed by counselors in schools to see how well they match with the ascribed roles and tasks. It makes recommendations in the light of findings.

Abstract

A 14-step process was used as a multilevel screening mechanism in developing a Likert-type scale that measures the attitudes of Hong Kong secondary school teachers towards the theory of evolution. The scheme has four phases. The first phase includes the stratification of the attitude object, the collection of statements from the literature, the improvement of wordings via Edward's criteria, plus an expert judgement and a pilot study. In the second phase, the emotional intensity of each item and the homogeneity of the scale are examined. The scale is content validated in the third phase using both Ist order and 2nd order factor analysis. In the last phase, construct validity is checked using known groups and logical predictions of other theoretical variables. The following results are obtained: (1) a 15-item Likert attitude scale on evolution with the following characteristics (a) coefficient Alpha 0.89, (b) range of corrected item-total correlations from 0.41 to 0.76, (c) range of inter-item correlations from 0.10 to 0.66, (d) an ANOVA F ratio 99.5 (p < 0.0001) among groups of different religious zealousness and (e) unidimensional in 2nd order factor analysis. (2) a 12-item scale of similar nature with the additional attribute of a stable factor structure.

摘要

陳援庵（垣）先生（1880–1971）是我國著名的史學家，成就卓絕，在學術界早有公論。他重視史學的研究，也重視中國語文教學。他曾向學生、後輩和任教中學，大一國文的教師，提示了一些有關中國語文教學的意見。他的學生啟功把這些意見歸納起來，寫成《上課須知》九則。筆者嘗試從《上課須知》中，抉發援庵先生所要傳達的主要意見，並論述這些意見對語文教育工作者的啟發。

Abstract

Professor CHEN Yuan-an (CHEN Yuan 陳垣 , 1880–1971) is a distinguished scholar in historiography in modern China. His outstanding achievements have received wide acclaim in academic circles. Professor CHEN valued not only research on historiography but also the teaching of Chinese. During his lifetime, he made known his opinions on the teaching of Chinese to his students, younger scholars and secondary school teachers of Chinese and educationists teaching first year Chinese at universities. His student, Qi Gong (啟功), collated Professor CHEN's opinions on the teaching of Chinese and compiled them as the nine principles on "Essentials of Teaching" (《上課須知》). The author of this article has tried to expound the main views in the "Essentials of Teaching" which Professor CHEN wished to convey, and proceeds to assess how such views can inspire language educators.

摘要

初中中國歷史教學上存在的主要困難之一，就是學生常感被動及沉悶，以致影響學習成果。

另方面，由於一般教師所受的歷史訓練，以甲部課程（政治史）為主，故在處理乙部課程（文化史）的教學上，感到特別困難，只好輕輕帶過，甚或避而不談，以致與我們生活有密切關係 的文化史，在中史教學上一直處於附庸地位。

有見及此，本文作者希望以平日課堂累積的經驗，針對以上兩個問題，舉例說明運用啟發式方法進行初中中史乙部課程教學的可行性及優點所在。

Abstract

One of the major difficulties in teaching junior secondary Chinese History is that students often feel passive and dull which adversely affects their learning.

Moreover, the training received by most Chinese History teachers is mainly in Syllabus Part A (Political History), who then find it difficult to teach Syllabus Part B (Cultural History) and will usually briefly cover the latter Syllabus or even not touch upon it at all. It is why Cultural History has so far been of subordinate importance in Chinese History teaching even though it is very much related to our daily lives.

In view of the above, the authors will focus the following discussion on the two problems and cite examples from their everyday teaching experience to show the feasibility and advantages of applying discovery method in teaching Chinese History Syllabus Part B in junior secondary forms.

摘要

背默課文向來是中國語文科教學的一部份。本文主要是透過一些教學設計，把那習以為常的默書課變成一個與讀文教學相配合的有機的教學工具，讓它除了可以考勤外，還能夠負起教學和考試的任務；使它不但成為讀文教學的延續，而且更進一步地成為反映學生對課文內容的理解、寫作技巧的掌握等方面的測量工具。

Abstract

The Practice of memorizing prescriptive text in dictation is an integral part of Chinese language teaching. In this article, it argues that by means of educational designs, the traditional practice of text dictation, where intergrated with reading instruction can become a meaningful educational activity. Rather than a simple recall exercise, it helps to achieve other objectives in teaching and texting. It serves as an extension of reading instruction and also as a means of measurement in the areas of reading comprehension and writing skills.

摘要

本文主要分四部份：第一部份分析了教育署課程發展委員會編寫的《學校公民教育指引》所列的目標和內容；第二部份比較了《指引》和近年施行的初中及高中地理課程的範圍，並指出通過地理教學進行公民教育的可能性；第三部份鼓勵教師在課程教學方面多些採取活動教學法，並舉出一些實例加以說明；第四部份列舉了一些常見的地理課外活動，並說明怎樣才可以通過這些活動達到公民教育的目的。

Abstract

This paper consists of four parts. The first part analyses the objectives and contents listed in the "Guidelines on Civic Education in Schools" issued by the Curriculum Development Committee of the Education Department. The second part compares the content areas suggested by the "Guidelines" with those stated in the new geography syllabuses for Forms 1–3 and Forms 4–5, pointing out the possibilities of promoting civic education through geography. The third part urges teachers to use more activity methods in classroom teaching and examples are given to demonstrate how the desired objectives can be achieved. The fourth part lists a number of geography extra-curricular activities commonly found in Hong Kong secondary schools and explains how they can be used to promote civic education.

Abstract

The General Guidelines on Moral Education in Schools has pointed out the importance of moral education and an inter-disciplinary approach is recommended. Values education can be carried out through many subjects. Geography is one of them. In this paper, the two broad groups of teaching approaches in values education, content-based and form-based, are introduced. Their relative advantages and problems are discussed. Form-based teaching approach is more and more popular among educators because it can avoid the danger of indoctrination. An example of values enquiry is attached in the appendix.

摘要

教學實習時的現實衝擊常會使實習教師感到沮喪，從而減弱或放棄他們原先抱有較人本、較以學生為中心的教育理想。面對實習失敗時，他們會更加覺得理想與現實、理論與實踐之間存在很大的差距。換言之，是失敗的實習經驗導致或加強他們有差距的感覺。本文會從兩方面去討論：一、教學實習失敗的因素；二、理想與現實的差距成因。教學挫析會與教師教學歷程的發展階段有關。挫折往往在歷程的第一個階段最易出現。在這階段，教師較專注在自我需要的滿足和自我形象的建立，而較忽略學生的需要和觀點角度。本文提到幾點是實習教師可以注意，以減少失胸經驗和這些經驗所帶來的負面衝擊。理想與現實的差距似乎是必然的，其中的原因包括理想與理想的本質與作用在於提升和導向，而不在於迎合和迷失於現實中。其次，差距的出現也在於人不想變動太大，只希望做最少的改變而帶來最大的效果。更且，差距的感覺的出現，往往在於理想與理論的學習經驗：若缺乏了學習的模範時，感覺會愈強烈。這點尤其是師範教育工作者要面對和自我檢討的。最後，本文亦提到減低差距的一些積極方法。

Abstract

The reality shock of teaching practice often makes student-teachers feel disheartened. It also makes them change their humanistic and student-oriented thinking toward a more conservative direction. In encountering failures, student-teachers are more disillusioned by the gap between ideal and reality, and theory and practice. This paper focuses on two aspects: The reasons causing teaching practice failures, and the reasons leading to the ideal-reality and theory-practice gap. Teaching failures are related to the developmental stage of the teaching process. Failures tend to appear more often in the first stage. In this stage, teachers tend to concern more with satisfying their needs and building their image, and less with students' needs and perspectives of thinking. Several suggestions to reduce failure experiences in teaching and to minimize the negative effects of such experiences are made. The gap between ideal and reality and between theory and practice seems inevitable. This is because the nature and function of ideal and theory are to transcend and to give direction, and not to merge with and get lost in reality. Also, the gap exists because people do not want to make big changes. It is common that people want to make small changes and bring about big effects. Moreover, the existence of the gap is often related to the experience of learning ideal and theory: When learning models are lacking, the gap feeling is stronger. Educators involved with teacher education should take note of and reflect on this. Finally, suggestions to reduce the gap are also made.