Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the components in the process of change, and to construct a working model for those Chinese/Taiwanese clients who suffer from unmet expectations. The discovery-oriented, event-based task analysis research approach was adopted. John Banmen, a senior Satirean therapist and trainer, first developed the rational model. In this study, Banmen and two Taiwanese females served as counselors. Eight Taiwanese clients recruited from three different sources received one-session brief counseling. The entire counseling sessions were taped and transcribed verbatim for data analysis. Two judges were asked to identify the steps and the components related to the unmet expectations in the process of change. The rational model was compared with the actual observed counseling procedures. Successful and unsuccessful counseling sessions were also compared in order to identify the possible necessary components of change. A refined model was suggested after the analysis. Discussions and limitations of the study were addressed at the end.

摘要

本研究的目的是針對受困於未滿足期待的台灣案主，探究在改變歷程中的元件，並由此建構一個諮商工作模式。研究者進行研究時所採用的是發現式、以事件為主的工作分析研究取向。有關改變未滿足期待的諮商理念模式，最初由資深的薩提爾模式治療師John Banmen提出。在本研究中，John Banmen與兩位台灣女性諮商人員擔任諮商師；透過三種不同的管道，共得到八位受困於未滿足期待的台灣案主。每位案主都接受了一次短期諮商，而整個諮商過程都進行了錄影或錄音，並且轉謄為逐字稿作為分析之用。兩位評量人員針對諮商過程，判斷與改變有關的元件和步驟。研究者比較本研究的結果與理念模式之間的差異，也比較成功與不成功的諮商歷程，以期發現可能與改變有關的關鍵元件。研究者根據以上的分析結果，提出了經修正的諮商工作模式。對研究結果的限制，文末亦有所討論。

Abstract

The effects of counseling styles (Problem-Solving Counseling [PSC], Client-Centered Counseling [CCC], and Relationship-Centered Counseling [RCC]) and stages (beginning, working, and ending) on Taiwanese female university students, and perceived counselor effectiveness were examined with a 3 × 3 mixed-subjects design. The styles and stages of counseling serve as the independent variables, and the perceived counselor effectiveness measured by the Counselor Rating Form-Short Version (CRF-S) serves as the dependent variable. The Social Influence Theory (Strong, 1968) and its derivative, the Similarity Theory (Simons, Berkowitz, & Moyer, 1970), serve as the theoretical framework of this study. Significant interaction effect was found between counseling styles and stages. The result indicated that RCC at the working stage was perceived as more effective than the same style at the beginning or ending stage, and RCC was even more effective than either CCC or PSC across all three stages of counseling. The findings supported the positive potential of RCC in counseling Taiwanese female university clients, particularly at the working stage of counseling. Finally, research, training, and practice implications for counseling professionals were discussed.

摘要

本研究的目的在於探討並比較心理諮商師分別使用三種不同的心理諮商型態（個案中心、關係中心、問題解決），為三組女大學生（每組十位）進行六至十二次的個別心理諮商後，接受諮商的女大學生分別於三個心理諮商階段（起始階段、工作階段、結束階段）對諮商師有效度所作的評估。本研究採3 × 3混合雙因子因素分析為統計分析方法，以諮商型態與諮商階段為自變項，諮商師有效度評量表的分數為依變項。「社會影響力理論」（Strong, 1968）與「相似理論」（Simons, Berkowitz, & Moyer, 1970）為本研究的理論架構。研究結果顯示兩自變項間呈現顯著的交互作用，而進一步分析顯示，諮商師於諮商的工作階段使用關係中心諮商型態進行心理諮商，較諮商師於諮商的起始階段與結束階段，和較其餘兩種諮商型態分別於三個諮商階段更為有效。此結果暗示，針對台灣女大學生個案，心理諮商師於諮商的工作階段可以多應用關係中心諮商型態進行治療。本文最後亦討論了與本研究相關的臨床意義、教育訓練和未來研究等議題。

Abstract

Two counseling process and outcome studies are published in this issue of the journal. These two studies demonstrated that the understanding of counseling process and outcome for Chinese clients could be enriched by research that utilized Western theories in a culturally relevant fashion. It is known that empirical examination of the complex counseling process and outcome faces many methodological challenges. These two studies exhibited strengths in choosing the appropriate phenomena to observe and the appropriate method of observing. Using quantitative and qualitative methods respectively, both studies generated meaningful results that can inform clinical practice of counseling for Chinese clients. As it is debated in the United States regarding preferred settings for counseling research, future process and outcome studies of counseling for Chinese clients also should attempt to balance methodological rigor with clinical relevance.

摘要

本期《亞洲輔導學報》發表了兩篇報道心理輔導與效果的科研文章。這兩篇文章顯示，以西方理論為基礎而兼具中國文化特色的研究，可以增加我們對華人心理輔導過程與效果的理解。用實驗的方法來研究複雜的心理輔導過程與效果，總得面對不少方法學上的難關。這兩篇文章的長處正是選擇了值得觀察的現象，又採用了觀察這些現象的有效方法。不論是用量化分析或質化分析的方法，這兩篇文章的研究結果對提高華人心理輔導的素質都有參考價值。在美國，對心理輔導研究應以嚴謹或實用為重的爭議仍然未有定論，華人心理輔導研究亦應注意這一點，謀求兼顧兩者。

Abstract

The theory of multiple intelligences proposed by Gardner (1983, 1993, 1999) and its applications in learning, teaching, curriculum and assessment are briefly described. Counseling through multiple intelligences, as one of its potential applications, is suggested as an avenue to achieve the integration of talent development and personal growth in students. The three-stage model of counseling process in exploration, understanding, and action is reframed in relation to engaging student and teacher's multiple intelligences, highlighting the importance of personal intelligences throughout the stages of counseling process. Implications of this reframing for the use of creative arts in counseling and counselor training are discussed.

摘要

本文簡單介紹了Gardner（1983, 1993, 1999）的多元智能理論，以及該理論在教學、課程和評鑑等各方面的應用。多元智能理論其中一個可行的應用範疇，就是透過多元智能進行輔導，務求有效地結合學生的才能發展與個人成長。本文在注入學生和教師的多元智能因素，並強調個人智能在各個輔導階段的重要性的基礎上，重新演繹輔導過程的三個階段──探索、了解與行動，且據此討論了從創作藝術的角度進行輔導和培訓輔導員的意義。

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the growing profession of counseling in developing Malaysia. The authors give a brief description of the historical mental health background of the different races and also capture some of the different aspects of counseling in multicultural Malaysia. Major influences such as social, economic, political, and religious influences are redefining the young and growing counseling profession. Future directions of the counseling profession are identified in the area of building, credentialing and integrating diverse cultural elements as the profession moves with the government's "Vision 2020" to a multi-ethnic future.

摘要

本文旨在探討輔導專業在馬來西亞這個發展中國家的發展情況。作者先對馬國不同民族的精神健康狀況，以及不同文化中各異的輔導特徵作了歷史性的描述，繼而闡釋現今社會、經濟、政治及宗教因素如何影響年青人，並重新確立輔導專業的意義。最後，本文因應馬國政府提出的「展望 2020」方針，提出輔導專業要揉合不同文化元素的發展方向。