Abstract

The purpose of this article is to introduce the theme of this special issue: Internationalization and Career Counselling. It begins with a brief history of career counselling in order to contextualize the subsequent discussion on internationalization, first in psychology and then specifically in career counselling. The article then introduces invited papers from Australia, South Africa, India, Japan, and Taiwan, and also the reflection paper contained in this special issue.

摘要

本文旨在介紹本專輯的主旨：事業輔導國際化。文章首先簡介事業輔導的歷史，繼而分別從心理學和事業輔導兩個層面探討與國際化的關係。接着，文章簡述本專輯中來自澳洲、南非、印度、日本和台灣的特邀文章，以及香港的反思文章。

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the field of career development in Australia and focuses upon career counselling. The overview is contextualized within the broader career development industry and recent initiatives that have raised the professionalism of career development practice. This contextualization includes the roles of the Career Industry Council of Australia and the Professional Standards for Australian Career Development Practitioners, and the education and training required for practice. The article includes a précis of public and private models for the delivery of career counselling, and presents themes within the field’s scholarship, research, and development.

摘要

本文概觀澳洲的事業發展情況，尤其集中於事業輔導方面。文章以澳洲整個事業發展行業和提升事業發展服務專業化水平的一些新近措施為背景，論述澳洲事業發展行業委員會的角色及該會制定的《澳洲事業發展從業員專業標準》，並介紹執業所需接受的教育和訓練。文章還簡介了澳洲事業輔導服務的公營和私營模式，以及在事業輔導領域的學術貢獻、研究和發展。

Abstract

The present article explores the cultural relevance and appropriateness of career counselling in South Africa. The recursive influence of South Africa’s apartheid era on the present and future directions for career psychology in South Africa is considered. While South Africa’s historical past restricted the career development of individuals, the article explores how present realities continue to restrict such development. Several issues present in this phase of South Africa’s transformation are identified that the career counselling profession in South Africa needs to address and redress. In particular, the article calls for a more integrated national initiative that will involve all stakeholders in the discipline.

摘要

本文探討南非事業輔導的文化適切性，剖析南非種族隔離年代的制度如何影響事業心理學現今和未來的方向。過往，南非的情況限制了個人的事業發展，而現今的情況依然沒有改變。本文指出了南非事業輔導專業如今必須正視和糾正的有關問題，強調要推出能整合專業內所有持分者的國家措施。

Abstract

The internationalization of career counselling brings into discussion the career counsellor’s role in the interface between deep-rooted cultural processes and labour market demands. This article uses the construct of social-cognitive environments to examine the issues that surround career preparation behaviour among Indian high school students and young adults. Data from a large Indian survey are used to discuss the manner in which social cognitive variables create occupational prestige hierarchies in the mindsets of Indian career choosers and their families which in turn influences their choice of educational pathways. The data are used to demonstrate the difference between low, middle and upper-middle socioeconomic status groups in their preference for occupations that emerge from university-based qualifications versus those that are based on vocational training. The importance of considering social-cognitive environments and occupational preferences for policy formulation and resource allocation to promote vocational training is discussed. The article highlights points that could be of specific relevance for the delivery of careers services that would address needs felt in the Indian and broader Asian context.

摘要

事業輔導國際化牽涉對事業輔導員角色的討論，而這又要同時照顧根深柢固的文化影響與勞動市場的需求兩方面。本文利用社會認知環境這概念，檢視圍繞印度高中學生和年輕成年人就業準備方面的問題。文章以印度一項大型調查的數據，探討社會認知變項如何造成印度擇業者及其家人的職業地位層級觀念，而這觀念又會影響就學選擇。文章展示了不同社經地位（包括低、中、中高）組別的職業偏好，這些職業或需要大學資歷，或只需要職業訓練。本文指出，必須照顧社會認知環境和職業偏好來制定政策和分配資源，以推廣職業訓練。本文尤對印度以至廣大亞洲地區提供職業服務方面有參考價值。

Abstract

As a result of internationalization, globalization, and a demographic change of population, Japanese people have been forced to equip themselves with competencies for adapting to a transition from traditional to post-modern employment conditions. In situations of rapid change such as these, it is widely recognized that the services of well-trained career counsellors and practitioners are urgently needed.

The purpose of this article is to outline the issues relevant to the professionalization of career counselling practitioners who are expected to acquire key competencies to help individuals develop and maintain their careers across the lifespan. The authors also present a brief history of the evolution of career practitioners in Japan, and a brief analysis of groups of workers who need such professional help.

摘要

面對國際化、全球化的挑戰和人口特徵的變化，日本人無可避免要裝備自己，以適應由傳統向後現代就業環境的過渡。在如此變化急遽的情況下，大眾都認同急需要有曾接受過良好訓練的事業輔導師和事業輔導從業員，為市民提供服務。

本文旨在概述事業輔導從業員專業化的相關議題。事業輔導從業員必須具備一些基本能力，以幫助他人在其一生中發展和維繫自己的事業。文章還會簡介日本事業輔導行業的發展歷史，並簡略分析哪些行業的員工需要這種專業幫助。

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to test the applicability of Holland’s hexagonal model in Taiwan. Gati’s hierarchical model of vocational interest structure derived from the Holland hexagon was also compared. In the first stage of the study, an experimental version of the Chinese Vocational Interest Inventory (CVII) was administered to 572 students in Taiwan. Item selection procedure was conducted through the analysis of item-total correlation, percentage like, and factor analysis. In the second stage, the revised CVII was then tested based on a college sample of 366 males and 465 females. The split half coefficients of the six scales ranged from .66 to .94 for males and .68 to .90 for females. The hit rates were 45.9% for males and 50.5% for females. The multitrait-multimethod matrix also supported the convergent-discriminant validity of the CVII. As far as the generalizability of both Holland’s and Gati’s models, the results of multidimensional scaling supported Holland’s hexagonal model. However, the results of order prediction claimed that Gati’s model was better than Holland’s model in interpreting the interest structure of Taiwanese college students.

摘要

本研究主要目的在探討Holland（1985）類型論在台灣文化中的適用性，同時也比較Holland六角形模式與Gati階層模式的適當性。在第一階段研究中，以572人為對象，進行中文職業興趣量表的編製，透過單獨題項與總量表之相關、各題項選擇百分比、以及探索性因素分析等方式篩選適當之題目。第二階段則以831人為對象，進行量表之信度及效度考驗。結果發現男生六個分量表的折半信度係數，介於.66到.94之間，女生則介於.68至.90之間。在效度方面，各類型興趣分數對所屬興趣類型科系的命中百分比，男生為45.9%，女生為50.5%。多項特質多重方法的考驗，也支持中文職業興趣量表的聚歛及區辨效度。至於在Holland六角形以及Gati階層模式的比較方面，多向度量尺分析支持六角形模式，但順序預測分析則發現Gati的階層模式更能解釋台灣地區大學生的職業興趣結構。

Abstract

As a discipline originated from the West, career counselling has been introduced to different countries and regions of the world. This is increasingly discussed and explored as the internationalization of the discipline (e.g., Goodman & Gillis, 2009; Hartung, 2005; Savickas, Van Esbroeck, & Herr, 2005), a process referred as “globalocalization” (Savickas, 2003, p. 95). In this special issue on “internationalization and career counselling,” contributors from Australia, Japan, India, South Africa, and Taiwan outline and analyze recent developments or studies in their respective environmental and cultural contexts. In responding to their articles, I identify important themes in the process of internationalization and reflect on them, namely making theories and practices responsive to social and environmental changes, addressing cultural appropriateness, as well as progressing through professional training and regulation. Implications will also be drawn on how career professionals can play dynamic roles in enhancing theoretical and professional advancements in their respective countries in the context of localization and internationalization.

摘要

事業輔導是一門源於西方的學科，它已給引進到世界不同國家及地區。近年學者對它的探討，多以事業輔導國際化為題來討論（例如Goodman & Gillis, 2009; Hartung, 2005; Savickas, Van Esbroeck, & Herr, 2005），而這國際化過程又稱為「全球本土化」（Savickas, 2005, p. 95）。本期專輯探討事業輔導與國際化；來自澳洲、日本、印度、南非及台灣的作者，簡介及分析其所處文化及環境中事業輔導的新發展。本文就本專輯文章的共通課題作反思。這些課題包括：事業輔導理論與社會環境改變的配合，促進事業輔導的文化適切性，以及透過培訓和規範促使事業輔導專業的進展。本文更指出，在國際化及本土化的背景下，各地從事事業發展工作的專業人士可扮演積極主動的角色，推動事業輔導在理論及專業方面的發展。