Abstract

This article introduces the main theme for the special issue by summarizing some of the literature that informs understanding of the current development of school counseling in Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland. Brief comparisons are also made with the practices evident in the United Kingdom and Australia. Within this issue, the articles from the United States, Japan and Korea reveal converging views on school-wide collaboration and a systems approach in supporting the personal-social, academic and career development of all students. The concluding thoughts from the overview of literature, together with the contributions to this issue, are summarized as a list of questions to challenge researchers, guidance professionals, educators and administrators working together for the further improvement of counseling programs in schools.

摘要

本文藉綜述有關香港和中國內地學校諮商當前發展的文獻，介紹本期學報的主題「學校諮商」，並簡略對比這些地區學校諮商的發展與英國和澳大利亞的實踐情況。本專輯中，來自美國、日本和韓國的研究文獻都一致贊同全校合作的重要，並認為要以系統方法支援所有學生的個人－社會、學業和職業發展。最後，本文從文獻綜述所得結論和本專輯中其他文章，帶出一系列問題，讓研究者、督導專業人士、教育者和管理人員聯合起來，為進一步改進學校諮商專案而共同努力。

Abstract

The first part of the article provides an overview of comprehensive guidance and counseling programs in the United States. Next, individual student planning, a major guidance and counseling program component, is described, followed by a discussion of why individual student planning is important in the lives of students. Then examples of individual student planning practices are provided. The article closes with a presentation of evidence of the impact of these practices on critical markers of student success, including academic achievement.

摘要

本文首先概述美國的綜合督導與諮商計劃，接着介紹督導與諮商計劃的一個主要成分──學生生涯規劃，論說為何學生生涯規劃對學生的生命如此重要，並提供實踐例子。最後，文章舉出研究證據，說明學生生涯規劃措施如何有助學生的各項重要成就指標（包括學業成績）。

Abstract

This article briefly reviews the history of school counseling in Japan and provides an overview of its current developments in schools and in the education system of Japan. The current development of the role of school counselors — and of school counseling in general — is examined from the perspective of the underlying educational and cultural framework. The focus of school counseling in Japan is to provide therapeutic interventions for students’ psychological problems by individual counseling, and through support and care of students’ overall mental health. The major variables influencing the development of school counseling are the policies of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the prefecture boards of education. The critical issues associated with effective implementation of school counseling are the diverse needs of schools in various regions, the central role and function of counseling and guidance within the school and community, and the integration of other student support personnel in the school of Japan. Future challenges and directions in the development of school counseling in Japan are discussed.

摘要

本文概述日本學校諮商的歷史，並綜論在學校和教育制度層面，日本學校諮商的近期發展。文章從日本的教育和文化理念，剖析學校諮商和學校諮商師的近期發展。日本學校諮商的重點是透過個別諮商，為有心理問題的學生提供介入治療，並為照顧學生整體心理健康而給予關懷和支持。文部科學省和縣教育委員會的政策對學校諮商的發展有關鍵的影響。至於學校諮商能否有效實施，則與各區學校的不同需要、學校和社區內諮商輔導的主要角色和功能、與其他學生支援人員的協作等因素相關。本文最後探討日本學校諮商面對的挑戰和發展方向。

Abstract

School counseling in South Korea faces new challenges in implementation. Despite a rapid increase in the number of school counselors, a generally agreed consensus on training, ethical standards, role identity, counseling model, and structures for school counselors has not been reached. This article reviews a brief history of school counseling in South Korea and describes its current status. Discussions of contemporary issues and future prospects for school counseling in South Korea are included.

摘要

南韓的學校諮商正面對新的挑戰。儘管學校諮商師的人數增加了不少，對於學校諮商師的培訓、道德守則、身分角色，諮商模型和專業結構應該怎樣，國內仍未有共識。本文概述南韓學校諮商的歷史和現況，並探討學校諮商的當前問題和未來展望。

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the development of career education in Hong Kong in the light of insights from three articles in this special issue. Problems and opportunities in promoting career education are discussed, followed by relevant recommendations on future development of career education and guidance in Hong Kong. The article ends with an introduction to a career education curriculum developed by the Hong Kong Association of Careers Masters and Guidance Masters that demonstrates an indigenous effort in localizing individual student planning from Gysbers’s comprehensive guidance program.

摘要

基於本專輯內幾篇討論各地生涯教育的文章，本文就香港事業教育的發展作一綜覽：除了從政策、對學校事業輔導的支援系統及學校教育層面分析事業教育在香港面對的困難和機遇外，亦為事業教育的發展前景提出建議。最後，本文介紹由香港輔導教師協會草擬的事業教育課程架構。該架構是本地事業教育工作者把Gysbers的綜合輔導理論本土化的努力之一。

Abstract

This article discusses three articles on the development of school guidance and counseling in an international context. The development of school guidance work as well as issues that arose in two Asian countries, Japan and South Korea, are presented by Yagi (2008) and Lee and Yang (2008) whereas Gysbers (2008) presents the rationale, practice, and results of the implementation of individual student planning in the United States. An overview of the articles suggests that there is continuous development in the positive, strength-based approach to school counseling in place of the traditional deficit and remedial approach. The issue of resources which include human resources, financial resources, and political resources (Gysbers & Henderson, 2006) is also discussed because of its importance and relevance to the development of school guidance and counseling in recent decades.

摘要

本文討論了三篇有關學校輔導與諮商工作在不同國家的發展狀況的文章。Yagi（2008）與Lee & Yang（2008）分別指出兩個亞洲國家（日本和南韓）學校諮商工作和有關課題的發展，而Gysbers（2008）則發表了在美國實施「學生生涯規劃」的理念、實際運作方式和成效。綜覽各篇文章，我們發現學校輔導與諮商工作正從傳統的虧缺與治療模式持續向正面的、以能力為基礎的模式發展。此外，基於近數十年學校輔導與諮商的發展情況，可見資源是十分重要的問題，故此本文對人力資源、經濟資源和政策資源（Gysbers & Henderson, 2006）的課題亦有作出討論。