摘要

在現代社會，風險管理的概念主要應用在經濟和金融事務上，亦有應用在醫學、工程及其他危險性高的工作上。它是利用統計學和或然率計算某些事情出現的機率，以及出現之後所產生的影響。風險管理的概念可以應用在教育範疇上，為師生的安全和學生的學習成果提供更大保障。本文提出風險矩陣工具，幫助學校在實踐風險管理時，能更有效推行學生事務的管理工作。風險矩陣可以幫助學校計算學生以至班級層面所面對的風險，讓校方及早作出適當的安排及對策。文章亦列舉了兩個例子，解釋風險矩陣如何幫助學校處理學生事務問題。

Abstract

In the modern society, concepts of risk management is mainly applied to economic and financial spheres, and the concepts have also been applied to medical, engineering, and other high-risk areas. Risk management employs techniques in statistics and probability to calculate the chances of occurrence of certain events, and the impacts when the events actually occur. Concepts of risk management may be applied to education, to provide better assurance of the safety of teachers and students, as well as the learning outcomes of students. The present article uses a risk matrix tool to help schools carry out student management more effectively. Risk matrix enables schools to assess the risk faced by students or classes, so that schools can provide appropriate supports and interventions to the concerned parties at an early stage. This article uses two examples to illustrate how risk matrix is applied to manage student affairs issues.

Abstract

Emerging cultural and organizational variations of the recent merger between the traditional Japanese educational guidance approach and school counseling practices and principles, offers educators, administrators, and school counselors distinct challenges for the implementation of a comprehensive guidance program. Through a brief historical review, this article presents the evolutionary process and identifies unique program applications that constitute the current guidance approach being applied within the Japanese educational system. The program fundamentals consist of stakeholder’ expectations, information exchange, program goals and policies, and data analysis. These are recognized as influential factors embedded within challenges pertaining to the program implementation process. The application of a collaborative approach piloted by a supportive administration is encouraged to ensure thorough stakeholder investment which will establish a culturally modified comprehensive program that links appropriate services and resources to the needs of the student population.

摘要

近年傳統日本教育輔導模式與西方學校諮商實踐原則的整合，突顯了文化與組織的差異，令教育工作者、教育行政人員和學校諮商師在實施全面輔導計劃時要面對獨特的挑戰。本文透過對日本教育輔導的簡短歷史回顧，說明在日本教育制度下現行輔導模式的發展過程和特點。全面輔導計劃的基礎包括持分者的期望、信息的交流、計劃目標與政策，以及數據分析。這些都是計劃實施過程中會遇上甚麼挑戰的影響因素。若行政人員能給予支持，應用協作模式將可保障持分者的投資，從而建立配合文化環境的全面輔導計劃，俾能為學生的需要給予適當的服務和資源。

Abstract

Given the advent of current national education reforms emphasizing educational equality, the present study identified the factors influencing low socioeconomic status (SES) students’ academic development, thereby revealing areas for support and intervention by school counselors in Korea. In 1997, the revised elementary and secondary education act led to a training system for registered counseling teachers. To date, about 20,000 registered counseling teachers were trained and certified by the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development in Korea. Although the current educational policy increased the quantity of school counseling services, current school counseling members have little knowledge of how to address and intervene in the academic problems of low-SES students because school counseling training is traditionally focused on career and personal/social issues. This article discussed a theoretical foundation based on the status-attainment model for understanding the low-SES students’ academic development. Grounded on the status-attainment model, three major factors (i.e., student, family, and school) related to academic success and failure of low-SES students were identified. Finally, the authors provided five practical guidelines that school counselors can use to work with this low-SES student population.

摘要

由於韓國當前的全國教育改革強調教育平等，本文指出了影響低收入家庭學生學業發展的種種因素，從而揭示了韓國學校諮商師對學生可作的支持和介入服務。1997年，韓國通過了小學和中學教育法案（修訂），註冊諮商教師培訓系統應運而生。目前，韓國的教育和人力資源發展部已培訓了大約二萬名註冊諮商教師並發給證書。雖然目前的教育方針使得學校諮商服務的數量急劇增加，但是由於傳統的學校諮商培訓仍然以處理職業、個人和社會問題為主，所以目前的學校諮商師對於如何處理低收入家庭學生的學業問題仍然知之甚少。為了理解低收入家庭學生的學業發展，本文以「身分獲得模型」為基礎做了一些理論研究。基於該模型，本文指出了影響學業成敗的三個主要因素，即學生、家庭和學校。最後，作者為學校諮商師提供了可以應用於低收入家庭學生的五項實用指導原則。

摘要

本文旨在探討生涯規劃的基礎假設、目標和策略。文中提出了八個生涯規劃的假設。這些假設由發展性的事業理論綜合而來，亦建基於存在和人本輔導信念。這些跨理論假設可作為輔導工作者的指引，用以界定生涯規劃的焦點和目標。最後，本文亦探討一些生涯規劃常用的策略，以及不同策略的用途和差異。

Abstract

This article examined the underlying assumptions, objectives, and strategies of career and life planning. Eight assumptions derived from developmental career theories were discussed. These assumptions were also grounded in the humanistic and existential counseling theories. The significance of the eight trans-theoretical assumptions in relation to the goals and objectives of career and life planning was examined. In addition, several categories of commonly used career and life planning strategies were introduced. The differential utility of these strategies was discussed.

Abstract

This article reports the findings of a grounded theory study on drug dependence and spousal relationships in Iran. The study is qualitative in nature; data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Grounded theory method was used to guide the analysis. Interviews were conducted to 41 opium- and heroin-dependent parents selected from the Self-Referred Drug Addicts’ Treatment Centre in Rasht, Iran. The interviews provided detailed information on the impact of these parents’ drug dependence on their spousal relationships. The study focused on drug dependence and spousal relationships, and explored the links between them. It found that drug dependence could have an effect on various aspects of spousal relationships. In this article, two main aspects of spousal relationships are considered, namely spousal roles and spousal communication. In this study, drug dependence was found to create a number of adverse effects on spousal relationships. Suitable intervention and prevention programs were needed to offer support for drug dependents and their spouses.

摘要

本文報導一項按照紮根理論探討伊朗國內毒癮與夫婦關係的質性研究。研究以半結構訪談搜集資料，並循紮根理論的方法來進行分析。訪談對象來自伊朗雷什特的戒毒治療中心的41名已為人父母的吸毒者（吸食鴉片或海洛英）。就毒癮對夫婦關係的影響，受訪者提供了詳細的資料。研究集中探討毒癮與夫婦關係之間有何關連，發現毒癮對夫婦關係的多個層面都有影響。本研究以夫婦關係中夫婦角色和夫婦溝通為焦點，而毒癮對這兩方面都有不良的影響。研究指出，必須提供適切的介入及預防服務，以協助吸毒者及其配偶。