摘要

台灣諮商文獻常指出實務工作者常常難於在行為上做到維護案主的隱私與權利。本文認為這種「知行不合一」的現象，其實反映了更深層的中西不同社會文化的價值體系。作者以台灣對「諮商師」的稱呼，引申出背後儒家文化的「師道」精神，以及對諮商者的社會角色期待。當代華人社會行為科學家／心理學家指出華人文化對社會關係的重視，這與西方強調個人主義的社會有很大的文化差異。西方諮商學者也指出諮商者要對案主所來自文化的價值觀有敏銳的觸覺並予以尊重，這是進行多元文化諮商的倫理。作者關切把西方文化所發展出的諮商專業應用於台灣社會的適切性問題，提出台灣的諮商倫理要建立在兼顧「社會關係」與「個人發展」的社會倫理基礎上。本文繼而分別就當事人的權益、案主與諮商者的價值觀、諮商的機密性、案主知後同意的權利、對於未成年當事人在學校的諮商、雙重關係與社交關係，以及諮商者的專業責任等方面重新思考，並與西方的諮商倫理互相對照，作為重建華人文化諮商倫理的基礎。

Abstract

Counseling literature in Taiwan pointed out that counselors often fail to adhere to the code of conduct of protecting the privacy and rights of their clients. This “not practicing what one preaches” phenomenon reflects an underlying issue of the differences between the value systems of the Chinese and Western societies and cultures. The Chinese titles for counselors in Taiwan had a rich social implication under the Confucius culture. The author reviewed those contemporary Chinese scholars’ concept of the relationship between the self and others, and concluded that Chinese culture emphasizes “social relations,” in contrast to the emphasis on individualism in Western society. Nowadays, Western scholars of counseling also strongly suggest the need of counselors to be sensitive about and respectful to the value system of the culture that the client comes from. In this regard, the appropriateness of applying Western practices of counseling developed out of the individualistic culture into Taiwanese/Chinese society is in question. The author proposes that when constructing the ethical code of counseling, both “social relations” and “personal development” must be taken into account. Ethical issues of counseling on client’s rights, values of the client and the counselors, confidentiality, informed consent, counseling young school students, dual relationship and social relationship, and professional responsibility were then discussed and compared with Western ethical codes.

Abstract

This article examines the issue of ethical counseling practice in Singapore. The term “counseling” in Singapore is a loosely shared term among those involved in the provision of social services regardless of whether they had received any formal training in counseling due to the lack of proper professional licensure. Without a formal licensure system, no professional body will have the legal mandate to enforce the quality of counseling services as well as the accountability of counselors’ behaviors. The article raises the question of ethical concerns regarding counseling practice in Singapore and discusses implications for professional licensure in the context of Singapore.

摘要

本文探討新加坡心理諮商的道德問題。在新加坡，由於缺乏心理諮商執照制度的規管與約束，「心理諮商」一詞雖然在輔導及相關領域廣為使用，但是它卻沒有明確的定義。亦由於缺乏執照制度，心理諮商的專業質素參差不齊，對心理諮商師的行為也無法監管。基於以上的考慮，本文討論目前新加坡心理諮商的實踐情況，並提出設立心理諮商專業執照制度的重要性。

Abstract

This article reviews the education and practice of ethics in the counseling profession in Korea. It was found that ethics is often a part of other subjects rather than a separate subject in the training programs of counseling in Korea. When training counselors on ethical issues, the ethical guidelines used are adapted from either the American Psychological Association or the American Counseling Association. Recently, there are improvements of ethics training in the counseling profession. These include the establishment of the Code of Ethics for counselors by the Korean Counseling Association, and the inclusion of ethics class in a graduate program. This article also explores the difficulties in dealing with situations of ethical violations as related to the Korean culture, and suggests strategies to improve counselors’ ability to handle such situations. Finally, the issue of counselor competence is explained in detail, as it is directly related to the protection of clients from potential harm. How to measure and maintain counselor competence is examined. The current system of counselor certification in Korea is described. Ways to improve the education and practice of ethics in the counseling profession in Korea are suggested.

摘要

本文回顧韓國諮商專業倫理的教育和實踐。在韓國的諮商培訓課程中，諮商倫理一直都只是插入其他科目中教授，並非獨立科目。而在教授倫理議題時，亦都以美國心理學會或美國諮商學會的倫理守則為本。這種情況近期有所改善，例如韓國相談學會已經制訂了本身的倫理守則，亦在其中一個課程中加入了倫理一科。本文亦會探討在韓國文化影響下，諮商者處理有違倫理的情況時難處何在，並建議改善的方法。除此之外，本文又詳細解釋諮商者能力這個議題，因為它直接影響到是否能保障案主免受傷害。如何量度諮商者的能力？怎樣保持能力？現行的諮商證書制度是甚麼？本文都有論述。最後，本文對如何改善韓國諮商專業倫理的教育和實踐，也提出了一些建議。

Abstract

This research study examined the attitudes, awareness, and behavior intentions of 114 counseling teachers in three domains related to ethics in counseling: competence, relationship with clients, and professional relationship. Results show that most counseling teachers were aware of their professional limits, and were willing to seek ways to improve their competence. Many teachers were aware of the centrality of issues such as informed consent and confidentiality in a counseling relationship, but they seldom translated their awareness into written policies and standard procedures. Whereas avoidance of dual or multiple relationships is one of the key elements in counseling ethics, a majority of counseling teachers felt that dual relationships were unavoidable in school settings. In terms of professional standing, most counseling teachers did not perceive themselves as professional counselors as they interacted with other helping professionals. The implications of findings for counseling practice in secondary schools, as well as for the development of ethical guidelines in school settings in Hong Kong were discussed.

摘要

本研究調查了114位輔導老師對輔導道德操守中三個領域的態度、覺知和行為傾向。這三個領域是：能力，與當事人的關係，和專業關係。研究發現，大部分輔導老師都覺察到本身能力的限制，並願意提升自己的專業能力。老師大都認識到知情權和保密對輔導關係的重要性，但卻少有把這種認識轉化為守則文件和標準程序。雖然避免雙重／多重關係是輔導員操守中的主要元素之一，但大部分輔導老師均認為，在學校環境中雙重關係難以避免。至於專業地位方面，與其他助人專業人員相比，他們大都不認同自己是專業輔導人員。最後，本文探討了研究結果對在中學實踐輔導和建立輔導工作守則的啟示。

Abstract

Multiple/dual relationship is a frequently encountered dilemma in counseling and psychotherapy. This article explores the subject by (1) providing a brief overview of several ethics code and identifying the key principles that are relevant in guiding professional practice across cultures, (2) highlighting relevant research literature, and (3) exploring the implications for the Asian cultural context.

摘要

在進行心理輔導與治療時，雙重／多重關係是常常遇到的難題。本文試從以下三方面探討這個問題：（1）檢視不同的倫理守則，找出適用於不同文化輔導專業的主要指導原則；（2）扼要指出有關的研究和理論；及（3）探尋這種關係對亞洲地區輔導專業人員的啟示。

Abstract

Counseling is becoming a visible profession in Asia. This article serves to inform Asians about (1) what counseling is; (2) who counselors are; (3) what to expect in counseling; and (4) how to know if counselors are ethical and professional.

摘要

在亞洲，輔導專業愈來愈受重視。本文嘗試幫助亞洲地區接受輔導的人士了解：（1）甚麼是心理輔導；（2）誰人有資格稱為專業輔導員；（3）對輔導應有甚麼合理的期望；及（4）專業輔導員應有哪些道德操守。